Animal Farm Summary

Animal Farm Summary George Orwells Animal Farm is an allegorical novel about a group of farm animals who take over their farm in 1940s England. Through the story of the animals revolution and its aftermath, Orwell assesses the failures of the communist revolution in Russia. Chapters 1-2 The novel opens at Manor Farm, where Mr. Jones, the cruel and incompetent farmer, is drunkenly going to sleep. As soon as the lights in the farmhouse go out, the animals gather. Old Major, an elderly boar whos lived on the farm for a long time, has called a meeting. At the meeting, Old Major describes a dream he had the previous night, in which the animals lived together without humans. He then launches into an impassioned speech. In the speech, he argues that humans are the enemies of all animals, and he urges the animals of the farm to organize and rebel against the humans. Old Major teaches the animals- who have varying degrees of intelligence- a song called Beasts of England in order to instill a sense of revolutionary fervor in them. Old Major passes away three days later. Three pigs named Napoleon, Snowball, and Squealer use this sad event to rally the animals. When the animals, who are starving, break into the store shed, Mr. Jones attempts to whip them. The animals revolt and drive Mr. Jones, his family, and his employees off the farm in terror. Napoleon and Snowball quickly organize the animals and remind them of Old Major’s teachings. They give the farm a new name- Animal Farm- and hold a meeting to vote on rules. Seven fundamental principles are adopted: Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend.No animal shall wear clothes.No animal shall sleep in a bed.No animal shall drink alcohol.No animal shall kill any other animal.All animals are equal. Snowball and Napoleon order that these principles of Animalism be painted on the side of the barn in large white letters. The cart-horse, Boxer, is particularly excited and declares that his personal motto will be â€Å"I Will Work Harder.† Napoleon does not join the animals in the harvest, and when they return, the milk has disappeared. Chapters 3-4 Snowball undertakes a project to teach all the animals on the farm how to read and write. Napoleon takes charge of a litter of young puppies in order to teach them the principles of Animalism. He takes the puppies away; the other animals never see them. The animals work together and know the business of the farm very well. For a time, the farm is peaceful and happy. Every Sunday, Snowball and Napoleon gather the animals for a meeting in which they debate what to do next and vote. The pigs are the smartest of the animals, and so they assume leadership and create the agenda every week. Snowball has many ideas for improving the farm and the lives of the animals, but Napoleon is against almost all of his ideas. When the animals complain that they cannot remember so many of Animalism’s commandments, Snowball tells them that all they have to remember is â€Å"Four legs good, two legs bad.† Neighboring farmers are afraid that a similar overthrow could take place on their own farms. They band together with Mr. Jones to attack the farm with a gun. Snowball thinks quickly and organizes the animals into an ambush; they surprise the men and chase them off. The animals celebrate the â€Å"Battle of the Cowshed† and confiscate the gun. They decide to fire the gun once a year to commemorate the battle, and Snowball is hailed as a hero. Chapters 5-6 At the next Sunday meeting, Snowball suggests building a windmill, which will provide electricity as well as grind grain. He makes a passionate speech arguing that the windmill will make their lives easier. Napoleon gives a short speech opposing the matter, but he can tell he has lost the argument. Napoleon makes a sound, and suddenly the dogs he took away for education- now fully grown- burst into the barn, snarling and biting. They chase Snowball away. Napoleon tells the other animals that Snowball was their enemy and had been working with Mr. Jones. He announces that the meetings are no longer necessary, and that Napoleon, Squealer, and the other pigs will run the farm for the benefit of everyone. Napoleon decides to build the windmill after all. Work commences on the windmill- Boxer works especially hard at it, excited at the easier life they will have when it is done. The animals notice that Napoleon and the other pigs begin to act more like men: standing on their hind legs, drinking whiskey, and living inside. Whenever someone points out that this behavior violates the principles of Animalism, Squealer explains why they are wrong. Napoleons leadership becomes increasingly totalitarian. When a storm causes the windmill to collapse, Napoleon deflects blame by telling everyone that Snowball sabotaged it. He corrects the animals about their memory of the Battle of the Cowshed, insisting he was the hero they all remember, and that Snowball was in league with Mr. Jones. He accuses various animals of being in league with Snowball; his dogs attack and kill each one he accuses. Boxer accepts Napoleons rule, repeating â€Å"Napoleon is always right† as a mantra as he works harder and harder. Chapters 7-8 The windmill is rebuilt, but another farmer, Mr. Frederick, gets into a disagreement over a business deal with Napoleon and uses explosives to destroy the new windmill. Another battle ensues between the animals and the men. The men are once again driven away, but Boxer is severely injured. The animals discover Squealer with a can of white paint; they suspect the Animalism principles painted on the barn have been altered. Chapters 9-10 Boxer continues to work, driving himself to do even more despite his injuries. He grows weaker, and eventually collapses. Napoleon tells the animals he will send for a veterinary hospital to come get Boxer, but when the truck arrives, the animals read the words on the truck and realize Boxer is being sent to the ‛knacker’ to be made into glue. Napoleon has sold Boxer for whiskey money. Napoleon and Squealer deny this and claim that the truck had recently been purchased by the hospital and hadn’t been repainted. Later, Napoleon tells the animals that Boxer passed away under a doctor’s care. Time passes. The windmill is rebuilt again and generates a lot of income for the farm, but the lives of the animals get worse. No longer is there talk of heated stalls and electric lights for all. Instead, Napoleon tells the animals that the simpler their lives are, the happier they’ll be. Most of the animals who knew the farm before the revolution are gone. One by one, the principles of Animalism have been erased on the side of the barn, until only one remains: â€Å"All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.† The simplified motto has been changed to â€Å"Four legs good, two legs better.† The pigs have become almost indistinguishable from the men: they live inside, wear clothes, and sleep in beds. Napoleon invites a neighboring farmer to dinner to discuss an alliance, and changes the name of the farm back to Manor Farm. Some of the animals peer into the farmhouse through the windows and cannot tell which are the pigs and which are the men.

Persuasive Essay Examples - Write and Compete For A Scholarship

Persuasive Essay Examples - Write and Compete For A ScholarshipWhen you are considering writing a persuasive essay for your Th Grade Math Placement Test, you may need a lot of persuasive essays. The ability to persuade others to work in a specific way is a strong foundation for what an excellent teacher can do with your students. You can have wonderful persuasive results if you use persuasive essay samples.I teach classes in the humanities and the sciences, as well as classes specifically designed for children, teens, and adults. I am concerned about the way people think about ideas and questions. In the classroom, I often remind my students that we are all thinking in rational or scientific ways. To make our thinking more productive, I encourage my students to write persuasive essays based on logic.There are a number of persuasive essay samples that you can find online. Some are free, but I prefer the ones with paid versions that have excellent persuasive scripts and ideas. Paying f or an essay or homework assignment is important because it allows you to have real information and not just 'just reading the words on the page.'A simple persuasive essay sample may include the following basic idea: 'Research has shown that the human mind and body are built for communication. Every person has a unique set of communication skills. Many of them are working at exactly the right time to help us use our communication abilities in a positive way. People around the world are using humor, tone, and style to help communicate better.These persuasive essay samples are great because they start out with specific ideas, such as to start a conversation with a high level of eye contact and calmness, or to do some kind of political statement, or to write a persuasive article. The key to successful persuasive writing is to be able to quickly come up with an effective theme, which leads to a strong supporting argument. This is the big differencebetween high and low-level communication skills.By being able to use these persuasive essay samples, you will be able to get better grades for a number of reasons. When you write a persuasive essay that has some really good ideas and an interesting beginning, you will build the courage to write. If you can't get through your first paragraph, you will continue to work harder and you will eventually write a persuasive essay that is lively and interesting. This helps to move along the student's communication skill and provides them with a larger variety of expressive ideas that they can bring to the class.The great thing about persuasive essay samples is that they help you understand the impact of writing based on arguments and points of view. These persuasive essays are helpful in improving your writing skills, and also provide you with practice with different kinds of writing that you can use as examples throughout your life. If you are looking for more persuasive essays, you should look for samples online that you can dow nload.

Life is a Dream Analysis Essays

Life is a Dream Analysis Essays Life is a Dream Analysis Paper Life is a Dream Analysis Paper Baric lived during a period of Spain where Innovations in the fields of art and literature flourished ? el Sigil De ROR ? ushering In new ideas and thought processes that coincided with much of Western Europe In the 14th-17th centuries. His play Life Is a Dream Involves many complex themes (some of which were considered revolutionary at the time), but Its most prominent one is the plays function as an allegory to the concept of free will and predestination. Clarions fall dialogue after his sudden death from a gunshot wound in Act Ill reveals his attitude award free will. He claims it is useless against the force of destiny and that one will die if its Gods will that you die before falling off stage (Baric 82). However, he dies before a critical point in the play; right before Segundo ultimately fulfills the prophecy of having Basilicas beard at his feet, and then invalidating it by falling to submission at his feet and showing a willingness to forgive him. The closeness of these events occurring Is not merely Just coincidence, especially when linked with character analysis. Clarion In the story is typified as the gracious, or the foolish/clown character, the one that gets Into trouble (such as when he fooled the soldiers Into thinking he was Glissando). Glissando on the other hand Is the protagonist, and as an audience we are Inclined to sympathize with him through his struggle of Waking up in the play. It is quite tragic (and ironic) that Clarion dies with such fleeting words right before he can see Segundo dismiss them. With this into light, it seems that Baric is undermining the concept of predestination by associating it with owlish characters (King Basilica, Clarion) and free will with strong characters that the audience can associate with (Segundo). This conclusion makes even more sense in the pretext of when and where Life is a Dream was published. Spain in 1 636 was a nation still deeply rooted in Catholicism at a time when the rest of Europe surged with the Reformation movement over a century ago, and Baric creating a play where the protagonist rights himself through his own deeds In the end, thus predestining him to a good life, Is a Catholic dogma. In stark contrast is the Protestant Calvinist standpoint where God wills who he predestines regardless of a persons merits ? because their life has already been determined ? much like Clarions sentiment in his closing dialogue (McLaughlin). Free will is further explored in other parts of the play. King Basils conclusion in Act I that his son would turn evil and kill him because the sun Was fiercely entering a Joust with the moon during Smudginess birth is reminiscent of medieval superstitions of such occurrences bringing about misfortune (18). Smudginess triumph over the hysterics of his predestined fate is based on his perspective that life is like a dream in that it passes by Just as ephemerally, and thus it should be lived with the good In mind.

Discuss whether Mexico has the potential to become a future global Essay

Discuss whether Mexico has the potential to become a future global economic power - Essay Example In order for the country to achieve such, it requires an appropriate management of its various economic sectors with the view of limiting the various economic threats that have threatened country’s economy in the past. The expansion of the various economic sectors will likely improve the country’s economic potential by increasing the employment rate of the economy thus facilitating an expansion of the economy (Boyes & Michael, 2012). The discussion below portrays some of the major economic features and an elaborate discussion of the current economic state of the country thus developing the growth potential the economy enjoys. Current economic characteristics of the country The Mexican economy has various vibrant sectors all of which sustain the country’s economy. All of the sectors present a potential for expansion thus promising the growth of the economy into a global economic power. Among the most vibrant sectors in the economy are tourism, communication and tr ansportation (Fox, 2002). Transportation sustains the economic growth in any country. With this knowledge, the successive Mexican governments have often invested in the development and expansion of the country’s transport system. The country has long road network that links nearly every part of the country. With an effective road network that joins every part of the country, the economy enjoys faster transportation of both goods and passengers throughout the different cities within the country. Besides the elaborate roads network, the country has a complementary rail network which also facilitates the faster transportation of goods. The development of the electric rail system has further improved the efficiency in the transportation sector, as goods currently take shorter to reach their destinations (Kates, 2007). The country also has various airports and airstrips all of which facilitate the faster transportation of products within the country. The capital city known as Mexi co City has two international airports, which act as the entry points into the country. Through the two facilities, the country maintains an active economic interaction with other countries globally as the two facilitate the transportation of goods in and out of the country (Aaker & Aaker, 2010). The effective and efficient transportation network has attracted hundreds of investors who enjoy the seamless transportation of both goods and humans to every part of the country. Another great factor that has attracted more multinationals into the country is the cheaper labor and electricity costs. The low cost of the two makes the country favorable for setting up companies. Various companies have therefore set up their manufacturing plants in the country (Tabbush, 2011). The fact that the country competes with the likes of China in labor and electricity costs makes it a favorable destination to most of the American multinational companies seeking cheap labor. This way, the country has con tinuously enjoy infrastructural development and an increasing employment opportunities as the companies provide ready employment. Tourism is the country’s main foreign exchange earner. With such a vibrant tourism industry, the country enjoys sustained influx of foreign currency and an equally large employment opportunity. The world tourism organization rated Mexico as the second most visited country in the world in 2001 coming second to the United States (Cavanagh, 2002). The country has

Child Slavery in West Africa's Cocoa Plantations Research Paper

Child Slavery in West Africa's Cocoa Plantations - Research Paper Example The paper tells that it is ironical that while children in cocoa growing countries live a miserable life, large manufacturers in Europe and the US reap huge profits selling chocolates made from cocoa. These children work in almost slave-like conditions while millions of consumers derive pleasure by consuming cocoa products. According to UNICEF, nearly 200,000 children are made to work in West and Central Africa through human trafficking. Mostly, these children are exported from Mali, Nigeria, and Cameroon. The cocoa farms in these countries operate in violation of basic human rights. Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana’s economy largely depends on the cocoa exports and the prices farmers fetch from the international market. International prices are not in their control and the value gain depends on the yield they get from their farms. Much of the work, even today, is done manually and farmers have never thought of exploiting technology to replace manual labor over last several decades due to its easy and abundant availability. At times, weather also plays their role in success and failure of cocoa crops. All these factors, and the traditional way of farmers’ thinking in using manual labor for having the lowest possible cost in producing cocoa, they continue to use child labor as they cost them much lower in comparison to adult labor. Cote d'Ivoire also known as Ivory Coast is the largest producer of cocoa beans followed by Ghana. Most of the child laborers in these countries arrive from Mali. Mali is one of the poorest countries not only in the region but in the world with a GDP of less than $1000 per capita as per the CIA Factbook as on 2010 with over 30% of the population below poverty line. The unemployment rate has been estimated huge 30% as per 2004 estimation. Over 80% people in Mali earn their living from agriculture. With hardly any earning opportunities available Malians are forced to move other neighboring countries. That is why poor families in Mal i agree to send their children to Cote d'Ivoire and Ghana.

Use and develop systems that promote communication Essay Example for Free

Use and develop systems that promote communication Essay Review the range of groups and individuals whose communication needs must be addressed in your own work job role. As an early years practitioner communication within the role is an essential skill required in any setting and is the foundation in which we are able to find out information needed for different purposes. Having an excellent communication scheme allows for a great team and a successful setting, there are many different means to communicate with others, some of these are: Verbal Body language/Non-verbal Sign Pictorial Written Assisted Personal Organisational Formal Informal Public Communication affects everyone within a nursery setting and therefore is a crucial part of managing a nursery. There are many groups of people that we interact with while carrying out our day-to-day duties. All members of staff such directors, managers, teachers, teaching assistants, cleaning staff rely on many different forms of communication to assist with their individual job roles. All job roles come with different responsibilities and without clear and constant communication between them; tasks and team moral will be affected. As a manager there are many techniques and approaches we can apply to ensure that all members of staff are involved and communicated with in the appropriate manner. For example; 5-minute communication meetings each morning, weekly meetings with line managers, team building days, email accounts etc. Children within the nursery, are an essential part of our daily routine and communication with them is of an equal value, however involves a different approach. Read more:  Essay on Use Communication Systems to Promote Partnership Working There are many important factors to be taken into consideration when communicating with children; firstly, it should always be age appropriate, taking into account the language we chose and the  level of the class. Secondly, what are we trying to achieve from our lesson, and finally, how do we respond to the children trying to communicate to us. These factors or techniques should always be considered throughout our day with the children, with some key examples being; circle time, stories, singing, role-play, messy play etc. Parents of children who com to the nursery, play a huge part within a nursery setting and clear communication with them is vital at all times to development a good partnership. Different techniques and approaches within a nursery setting should be applied to ensure that all parents gain clear and concise communication in the correct way. When dealing with parents on a day to day basis, communicate allows teachers and management to build a good relationship between the children’s nursery and home life, therefore allowing us to put them at ease and help them to understand and be apart of the nursery’s vision and ethos. It is very important to understand that communication does not just involve talking to someone, but about making them feel comfortable to approach a member of staff with any questions, queries or complaints. As management within a nursery it is a requirement to discuss and work closely with all members of staff, parents and children. Therefore it is crucial to have excellent communication skill in order to deal with situations that may involve individuals from outside your nursery. This will assist with the day-to-day running of the nursery, allowing everyone to keep up the high standards. There are many different external personnel groups that a setting will interact with and as a manager ensuring strong communication with them is key. There are various ways of communicating with these groups and again finding the correct approach is paramount. For example; contacting them by telephone, e-mails, setting up meetings within the nursery or at their organisations, reports, recording books etc. 1.2 Explain how to support effective communication within your own job role. While managing a nursery, it is essential that the management build good positive working relationships with everyone they communicate with, having the ability to be able to talk openly, honestly and clearly, creating an atmosphere of trust and respecting the needs of others while interacting with them. Within a nursery the management will take on a vast amount of roles and responsibilities throughout their daily routine, and so should  adjust their approach to communicate in different circumstances if and when needed. Changing communication approaches when developing these relationships with others should help deliver the message effectively. Here are some examples of roles which management will undertake: advising, instructing, welcoming, observing, informing etc. Management use a variety of different communication methods (shown above in 1.1) to help with the multiple roles they contend with on a daily basis. There are many reasons to be an effective communicator within a nursery, as this will allow the manager to delegate tasks to others, conduct meetings, deliver presentations, supervise, manage appraisals, report, build a team, negotiate and interview etc. Bearing in mind that being a good and effective communicator is being able to adapt their style to the situation and being able to respond in sensitive and empathetic ways to those who they are communicating with. As well as supporting others to become an effective communicator, they should role model effectively and reflect daily on their own communication skills. 1.3 Analyse the barriers and challenges to communication within own job role. Effective communication is paramount to running a successful nursery and the management team should always build strong and positive relationships with the people they may communicate with. If these relationships are not built, communication may become limited and will not be communicated on a meaning full level with the group or individual delivering or receiving the message, which may begin to create conflict between them. It is vital that the group or individual shows respect for one another while being communicated to as this will help keep in the effectiveness of communication. There are several barriers, which may affect clear and effective communication between a group and an individual making communicate ineffective. Ensuring these barriers are solved the management need to find the correct approach to overcome them. Some of the barriers that a nursery may be faced with are listed below. Firstly, the difference in culture, values and language is a major barrier within applying effective communication as this could block any important information getting through to the appropriate person, and therefore affecting the purpose involved. Communicating with the correct language Being aware and knowing the importance of respecting the cultural  differences could help the manager, group or individual deliver or receive highly effective communication. ‘By developing a respectful curiosity about the beliefs and practices within all service users’ lives, we are able to communicate in more meaningful ways.’ (Miller 2006). Secondly, negative feeling towards others has a big impact on the way communication is delivered or received. As a human being, liking and getting along with everyone is not expected and during a working nursery environment interacting with this barrier is incredibly common. Part of negative feelings can also be affected by body language when communicating with others, as it can be shown easily through actions without speaking. ‘Non-verbal communication can have up to five times the impact on a person’s understanding compared to words. (Argyle 1978). For example, the attitude, appearance and behaviour of the individual show clear signs of negativity. However, working alongside others is a top priority of the managers daily roles and keeping things professional is a major plus when dealing with different situations and is vital to ensure that speech and body language match in order to deliver the message. Finally, a barrier that could challenge effective communication is an inappropriate environment that is being used, could lead to others not understanding the message. Occasionally, the message could be distorted when the environment is too noisy, to hot or cold and crowded etc. Distractions could have another giant impact in the environment as some people may be easily unfocused on the communication given and so could present to the manager poor work. Therefore, ensuring that the nature of environment is appropriate for the communication being delivered or received is an essential part of effective communicate and a successful nursery. For example, staff meetings are in a large enough area for the number of staff with appropriate seating, temperatures in the area are correct, mobile phones turned off in meetings, quiet area to ensure effective communication etc. 1.4 Implement a strategy to overcome communication barriers. Evaluating and reflecting on previous communication with others supports the management to improve and change their communication strategies if needed, allowing them to identify and take adequate action. For example, within my class, I communicated with a teaching assistant (who is of a different  culture) explaining prep work I will need for the following week. She did not understand the content of the things I was asking and so I changed my communication method, writing and drawings examples on paper. In respect to cultural, values and language barriers, (an external barrier) staff training should be given, specifically on all types of communication and different strategies they could use in regards to different situations. Some examples that we use in my nursery are; staff training on using home-school communication books with parents, using their nursery e-mail accounts and checking them daily, having parent teacher meetings, using there teaching assistants effectively- having a meeting with them weekly and communicating with them using written communication if verbal has not been successful. Also training to raise awareness of cultural and religious differences within a nursery. The internal barrier is the body language used when communicating with others; here managers need to be aware of how they present themselves to parents, other members of staff and external services. Reflecting on this each time they are in different situations will allow room to improve in the following situation. ‘Through the development of your self-awareness you can resolve past and current issues and, by doing so, you can improve on your skills in the role of manager’. (Geldard and Geldard 2003). A technique to improve body language as a manager is through ‘SOLER’ (Egan). Use different means of communication to meet different needs. There are a vast amount of communication methods, which need to meet many individual needs, a range of these are verbal, non-verbal, sign, pictorial, written, electronic, assisted, personal, organisational, formal, informal and public. Some of these methods are listed in more detail below. Verbal Communication- During nursery routines verbal communication is used daily, as most staff discover important information this way. However, this is sometimes not enough as verbal communication can also become complicated due to the meaning of words used and how they are perceived between cultures, leading to a possible ineffective form of communication. ‘The words we use alter depending on the situation and the people involved and, because of this, we can never be sure that a word has the same meaning for two people’. (Porritt, 1990). The words managers use are very important and are as equally important as the tone of voice, pitch, volume, rhythm and timing that are included within the conversation as it can affect the way the message is delivered. For example, talking to an adult like they were a child and receiving tuts and sighing back, shows signs that the individual does not feel comfortable with the way they are being spoken to. This is called paralinguistic communication, which allows us to see signs through the individuals sounds that they may reply, for example, sighing, coughing, tutting, yawning etc. Non-Verbal Communication- This form of communication uses different factors that we can see without using any kind of speech or sounds. Below is a table containing examples of the different factors individuals may come across  when using non-verbal communication. Facial Expression Our facial expression communicates emotions unless we train ourselves to mask our feelings. Burnard (1996) argues that it is important to be congruent- if you say you are angry while smiling, it gives a confusing mixed message. Eye contact and gaze The way we look into another person’s eyes during conversation is what is known as eye contact. If somebody can hold eye contact through a conversation, it can communicate a level of confidence and willingness to communicate fully. Some of the people we communicate with will have a very low level of eye contact, which might communicate a lack of ease with the conversation or a lack of confidence. It is a good idea to reduce the level of our eye contact to reflect theirs, otherwise it can feel threatening. The appropriateness of maintaining eye contact differs according to culture. Gestures Gestures are movements of your arms and hands that accompany speech. Gestures can help communication, for example, pointing at the direction a person needs to go in can add emphasis to the communication. However too much gesturing can be distracting. Body position, posture and movement. The body position of a client can tell you a lot about how they are feeling- if they are hunched over, with arms and legs crossed, they are probably feeling quite anxious. Rogers (1980) recommends that we relax and it is important not to appear too formal and distant. However if we are too laid back in pour posture, we could appear disinterested. Sitting with our arms and legs can appear closed off and defensive. However, in some circumstances, it may be a good idea to mirror the body posture of the person we are with. Personal space and proximity Two to three feet distance between the chairs is about right for me; however I have noticed that some client’s push their chairs back as soon as they sit down in the prearranged chairs. I assume that space does not feel comfortable to them. People seem to have their own invisible boundaries  which change according to who they are interacting with and how comfortable they feel. Porritt (1990) calls it a bubble that surrounds us. Clothes The clothes we choose to wear say a lot about us. Dressing too informally and too formally can alienate us from our clients. Therapeutic touch  Touch can be a contentious subject. On the one hand there is evidence of touch having therapeutic benefits; on the other it can be misinterpreted and seen as an invasion of a person’s personal space. Bonham (2004) suggests it may be appropriate and supportive for staff to touch when clients are distressed as it may validate the degree of their suffering. He suggests that appropriate places to touch in this situation are hands, forearms, upper arms and shoulders. (Tina Tilmouth, T. et al., 2011). Sign- Using this form of communication is key to those who have hearing impairments and is made up of many gestures, using mainly hands and arms in different signals to communicate. There are different methods of using sign for communicating these are British sign language (BSL), makaton, which helps support speech and baby sign language, which helps communicate with babies and toddlers who have not yet developed their language skills. Pictorial- With this method, communication is primarily through pictures and drawings to communicate effective messages to others. Pictures and drawings are easy to understand and remember, which is why children are shown them from an early age allowing them to understand different instructions. Written- Within a nursery setting, written communication is used a numerous amount of times throughout daily routines. These can be written reports, notes, and e-mails etc. Written communication allows us to be accurate and keep information up to date, while maintaining clear and effective communication. ‘Written communication should be accurate, in detail, up-to-date non-judgemental and legible so that others are able to read it. We also need to comply with confidentiality guidelines and, as such, all forms of written communication must be kept safely.’ (Donnelly and Neville 2008). Electronic- Several methods of electronic communication that could be used within a nursery setting bearing in mind confidentiality are e-mails, telephone calls, text messaging, web pages, social networking sites, forums and video chats. Some explanations of these methods placed  below. 1. E-mails are the most quick and convenient method of electronic communication within a setting as messages can be sent to an address immediately, alerting the receiver that they have a new message waiting. The receiver can then reply as soon as possible therefore a shorter amount of time for response is predicted. Adding attachments and links may also be included in the mail, showing various images, videos, notices, letters etc. As e-mails are passed back and forth to individuals or groups the conversation between them will preferably be saved, therefore information needed in the future can always be received as long as it has not been eased. 2. Telephone calls and text messages are another electronic communication method and can are used vastly within a setting. Telephone calls along with e-mails are one of the biggest communication methods used in any organisation, and can be used both formally and informally. Telephone calls can have disadvantages, however others could be overheard, also the individuals cannot pick up on non-verbal signs shown by the other person. Text messages are easy and informal and can immediately be delivered to one phone or a group of mobile phones, they can also be quicker than a telephone call. A text message could be used instead of a telephone call as it can stop a conversation being overheard. 3. Within a nursery setting, promoting high standards is essential and creating a website could help communicate how excellent the setting is to others. Therefore, another electronic communication method is web pages. Creating a web page for a nursery can help provide others seek information needed about the setting. Web pages can contain different information allowing others to view, for example, text, multi-media files including images, sounds, games etc. Web pages can store this information for a good period of time. 4. Social networking sites have become a main electronic communication method over the last 10 years and are a very popular way to communicate with others. A social networking site is made up of individuals that create a profile and build connections with others by a particular type of interest, such as, ideas, values, trades, fashion etc. A nursery setting may become  part of an online social networking site creating a page about the nursery to maintain effective communication with parents, bearing in mind confidentiality at all times. 4.1 Explain the legal and ethical tensions between maintaining confidentiality and information sharing. Confidentiality and sharing information is information shared from one individual to another or even to a small group, this information is not to be shared with others and is of the up most importance when dealing with staff, parents and children within a nursery setting. Confidentiality permits parents to have a sense of trust in members of the nursery staff. Polices are set out for staff to respect and obey daily throughout there routines however, staff only have the right to know relevant information not all, and if this is breeched serious action could be taken. To ensure all staff members understand the policy on confidentiality, training and appropriate guidance and support should be given when needed. (Beauchamp and Childress 1994), defined ‘Confidentiality as ‘keeping secret’ information given to a person by another. Infringement occurs when that information is disclosed to someone else without the giver’s consent’. Within a nursery setting, all confidential files are kept within a locked cabinet and staff are obliged to keep parent and child information confidential at all times, however confidentiality can be broken when a crime has been committed or when the member of staff believes it is about to, malpractice has occurred, child abuse is suspected, to help prevent suicide, or misconduct has occurred, and only sharing the information to the professionals who need to know. If by law, confidentiality is breeched, then the manager has the right to take disciplinary and/or legal action.

A braid of loneliness Essay -- Character Analysis, Rayona, Ida

â€Å"The most terrible poverty is loneliness, and the feeling of being unloved.† –Mother Teresa A Yellow Raft in Blue Water by Michael Dorris is a novel about Native American, narrated by three generations of Indian women; Ida the grandmother, Christine the mother, and Rayona. The stories of three people, â€Å"twisting and tying and blending,† fabricate the braid of their relationship. Each of three strands is a complicated composition of hairlines. There is a hairline that all strands have in common and shape this braid: loneliness. Through the story, loneliness played a crucial part in every character’s life. It is the important cause of characters’ action. It shapes the relationship between mother and daughter. Ultimately, one’s loneliness shapes not only that character, but also affects and causes the loneliness in the next generation. The first character who tells her story is Rayona. Being the last generation, she is in the bottom of the well of loneliness. After her parents separated, Rayona lives with Christine, her mother, who habitually changes her job and moves to the new place. Consequently, she never stays in any schools long enough to make some friends. Her life with Christine is also bitter. In Rayona’s opinion, Christine does not take care of her much. She said â€Å"I try to recall what Mom says when she’s sentimental and lonesome: how he was the best one, the only one, because he left her me. How I’m her sterling silver lining, the one who’ll never leave her like he did. Like she did me.† (64) She is disappointed by Christine’s care that exists only in her speech. Lacking of both friends and warm family, Rayona suffered from loneliness. When she goes back to the reservation with Christine to stay with Aunt Ida, Chris... ... ease her with the warmth of my body, to support her with the strength of my arms. But she did not expect this from me, and I did not give it.† The loneliness of mother is the unwanted gift. From generation to generation, the hairlines of loneliness twist and tie the braid of this family. It obstructs the hairline of love. It obstructs the hairline of care. It leads the braid of this family to nowhere. Loneliness is a cell that imprisons mother’s love from reaching the daughter, leaves them feeling unloved, and became lonely. This baneful hairline will continuously distort the braid until they realize. Until they realize that the solution is turning back to face the reality, holding hands and let the truth comes out, then, the three-generation-long loneliness will disappear. The braid will be set in the right shape and tie the family members together with love. A braid of loneliness Essay -- Character Analysis, Rayona, Ida â€Å"The most terrible poverty is loneliness, and the feeling of being unloved.† –Mother Teresa A Yellow Raft in Blue Water by Michael Dorris is a novel about Native American, narrated by three generations of Indian women; Ida the grandmother, Christine the mother, and Rayona. The stories of three people, â€Å"twisting and tying and blending,† fabricate the braid of their relationship. Each of three strands is a complicated composition of hairlines. There is a hairline that all strands have in common and shape this braid: loneliness. Through the story, loneliness played a crucial part in every character’s life. It is the important cause of characters’ action. It shapes the relationship between mother and daughter. Ultimately, one’s loneliness shapes not only that character, but also affects and causes the loneliness in the next generation. The first character who tells her story is Rayona. Being the last generation, she is in the bottom of the well of loneliness. After her parents separated, Rayona lives with Christine, her mother, who habitually changes her job and moves to the new place. Consequently, she never stays in any schools long enough to make some friends. Her life with Christine is also bitter. In Rayona’s opinion, Christine does not take care of her much. She said â€Å"I try to recall what Mom says when she’s sentimental and lonesome: how he was the best one, the only one, because he left her me. How I’m her sterling silver lining, the one who’ll never leave her like he did. Like she did me.† (64) She is disappointed by Christine’s care that exists only in her speech. Lacking of both friends and warm family, Rayona suffered from loneliness. When she goes back to the reservation with Christine to stay with Aunt Ida, Chris... ... ease her with the warmth of my body, to support her with the strength of my arms. But she did not expect this from me, and I did not give it.† The loneliness of mother is the unwanted gift. From generation to generation, the hairlines of loneliness twist and tie the braid of this family. It obstructs the hairline of love. It obstructs the hairline of care. It leads the braid of this family to nowhere. Loneliness is a cell that imprisons mother’s love from reaching the daughter, leaves them feeling unloved, and became lonely. This baneful hairline will continuously distort the braid until they realize. Until they realize that the solution is turning back to face the reality, holding hands and let the truth comes out, then, the three-generation-long loneliness will disappear. The braid will be set in the right shape and tie the family members together with love.